Chloe’s Story

Which serous membrane in Chloe’s abdomen most likely contains the greatest adipose tissue? The peritoneum is the largest serous membrane of the body which contains the greater omentum, the largest peritoneal fold. The greater omentum normally contains a considerable amount of adipose tissue. The adipose tissue content can greatly expand with weight gain, giving rise to a characteristic â€Å"beer belly† seen in some individuals. B. What involuntary muscle process initiated by deglutition of water may cause Chloe pain?Swallowing is the involuntary contraction of pharyngeal muscles which sets peristalsis begins with coordinated contractions and relaxation of muscles in the esophagus and into the stomach, where she just had surgery. C. Why might reduction of the size of Chloe’s stomach reduce her acid reflux? The stomach empties quicker, due to the bypass of the duodenum where the most, if not all the churning takes place with digestive enzymes that could force the sphincter to emit the reflux. D. How will protein digestion be affected by Chloe’s surgery?The proteins would be flushed out of the body quicker than usual with the high vulnerability of malabsorption. Normally, pepsin begins the enzymatic digestion of the ingested proteins; they linger in the stomach longer than most of the ingested food with the end result of gastric protein digestion is a chyme of mostly polypeptides and some free amino acids to be absorbed in to the body. Pancreatic Protease digests protein in the basic environment of the small intestine. E. Which pancreatic enzymes would Chloe need to breakdown the fats in her nutritional drink?Lipase works with bile excreted from the liver breaking down fat molecules. F. Why might Chloe be at risk for gallstones (crystallized cholesterol which can block the flow of bile from the gallbladder)? A change in diet, no longer consuming high fatty and high cholesterol laden foods. Rapid weight loss. The gall bladder aid in the digestion and absorption of fats in the duodenum which is no longer being used. G. Would absorption of nutrients be substantially altered in the small intestine following Chloe’s gastric bypass surgery? Why or why not?Yes, absorption is greatly affected following the gastric bypass surgery. The time the food stays in the body is severely limited, along with the additional malabsorption of important vitamins and nutrients will change. H. Why is vitamin B12 deficiency a serious concern? Vitamin B12 deficiency impairs the body’s ability to make blood, accelerates blood cell destruction, and damages the nervous system resulting in possible irreversibility. I. With which complications should Chloe be concerned following the surgery? Not to overeat; ingesting too much food could overly stretch damaging the reduced stomach.J. Why is monitoring nutrition so important to Chloe now? The digestion has been permanently altered; digestion and absorption of nutrients have been comp romised. Vitamin supplements must be taken to aid with the body maintaining homeostasis. K. Chloe went on a liquid diet immediately following her surgery. Based on what you have learned about nutrition in this chapter, which substances would you include in a liquid diet? My diet would include essential vitamins and minerals including all four food groups. There are many amino acids that cannot replicate other than the body produces them.

Mcdonalds Pestel Analysis

McDonald’s Pestel analysis Political- * There is currently legislation being brought in to prevent fast food companies from advertising at certain times of the day, this is due to the large number of obese children currently in our country. It will see a large change in how the companies can advertise as they feel many kids are being targeted from a young age by fast food companies. * All products need to have full nutritional value on them so consumers can be made aware of the health risks of some of these products, for example in McDonald’s they show on their chips the levels of salt, fat , carbohydrates etc. nd how each portion measures in terms of the recommended daily human intake of these products * The government hold to right on the final say of who is approved to open a franchise, this takes this power out of McDonalds hands Economical- * As a business entity, McDonalds need to face a lot of economic variables outside its company or its macro environment. When looking for a supplier internationally for some of their products McDonalds should be aware on the global supply and currencies exchange.Although McDonalds use larger amounts of Irish beef than previously not all of their products are produced here so any changes in exchange rates may have a massive effect on what they pay on their imports. * McDonalds must face government regulations on tax of profit where it gains from the operation. They also face other costs such as for advertisements and for certain entertainment (such as in store music). Each country may have different scale or types of tax available and McDonalds should follow the regulation if it wants to continue the operation.As most of their branches are a franchise McDonalds will have to cecum to paying certain percentage of the revenue to the parent company in United States. Social- * There is a great need for McDonalds to cater for the different types of customers in different regions, For example in India people (Hind u) do not take beef, Muslim countries do not take pork, German like beers, Finnish like fish type of food menu, Chinese like to associate food with something good (for example prosperity), Asian like rice and Americans eat in big-sized menu. * Technological- Advances in online ordering and methods of paying that McDonalds have yet to adapt may have a negative effect for them, some fast food restaurants offer home delivery and online ordering this is something that McDonalds currently does not do. * They need to look for the next big thing in terms of technology and see how it can benefit them in remaining a power house in the fast food industry. Smart phones and tablets are becoming massive business and is where a lot of innovation takes place. Microsoft’s Xbox Kinect and smart glass are examples for their ambition to remain top in the gaming market, what will McDonalds do?Environmental- * Huge emphasis on recycling and proper waste management over the last few years itâ€⠄¢s important that McDonalds focus on making themselves more environmentally friendly. * Is there more in store that they can do to improve their eco rating. The body shop offers customers the chance to bring back their old bottles to be refilled and reused, while this may not be possible for McDonalds to do due to health and safety they should still look at ways of improving the stores waste management etc. Legal- * Sales figures in Ireland of McDonalds, Supermacs, KFC and Burger King. 1. McDonalds- 2. Supermacs- 3. KFC- 4. Burger King-

Chapter 2 †research methodology Essay

Aim and Objectives. The aim of the research is to undertake an analysis of the Chinese banking industry systems, processes and products through a case study of Bank of China and HSBC, London. Objectives. The research objectives are as follows :- 1. Assess the overall state of the Chinese banking systems, processes and products. 2. Evaluate implementation of systems, practices and processes of the modern banking industry. 3. Evaluate areas for further growth and development by Chinese banks. This chapter aims to illustrate the methodology of the research. It describes; common research philosophies, research approaches and the research strategy. Veal (2000) has described research as â€Å"systematic and careful inquiry and search for the truth† or an investigation into a subject to discover facts. What is Research? Research is a well defined area of study of a particular problem or issue in its totality or in specific to a particular area of concern. (Veal, 2000). Research should entail the following characteristics, which will be kept in mind by the author while evaluating the subject (Morgan, 2000):- (a) Systematic collection of data. (b) Analytical interpretation of data. (c) Developing a theory and conclusion. The Research Philosophy Modern research has three models; these are positivism, realism and interpretivism. (Cantrell, D. C. (n. d. )). Positivism Positivism entails a scientific stance for research and interpretation of data. Thus only those phenomenon which are observable and measurable are regarded as knowledge. Positivists maintain an independent and objective stance. (Cantrell, D. C. (n. d. )). Phenomenology (Interpretivism) This is opposite of the positivistic approach and is known as interpretivism or phenomenology. (Cantrell, D. C. (n. d. )). Though positivistic and interpretivism paradigm are two extremes, most researchers use elements of both practices, which is implied in realism. This approach is considered the most appropriate for the project as the writer will be carrying out a comparative analysis of the Chinese and the British Banking system with a case study of the Bank of China vis a vis HSBC, London. Since banking systems are not just financial and economic systems but involve social issues in the context of a broader socio-political environment, a realistic approach to research is considered the most suitable. Research Approach There are two strands, which can be adopted, deductive and inductive. The deductive approach is used when a hypothesis is developed and the research design has to test that hypothesis. The deductive approach is amplified by means of a diagram at Figure 1 (Trochim, 2000). – Figure 1 On the other hand the inductive approach is related to qualitative data, as a sample used in a case study as contrasting to the large quantum of data which is used in the deductive approach. A theory is said to be developed from data collection in this approach. A diagram showing the inductive approach is at Figure 2 below (Trochim, 2000):-Figure 2 The dynamic nature of the research will entail application of both approaches by the author as in practice almost all the research projects have elements of both the approaches in view of the importance of including both qualitative and quantitative findings. Research Data In general data contains information collected and recorded in note books, questionnaires, audiotapes, videotapes, models, photographs, films and test responses. (Veal, 2000). Research data in this case will be the response of selected customers and managers of Bank of China and HSBC, London. based on a questionnaire.

American Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

American Heritage - Essay Example employed to determine and govern the way that each of these aforementioned three actors can and should behave with relation to the tasks they were responsible for fulfilling and with regards to the level of cross jurisdictional activity that was allowed to occur between the two. It should be noted that although a powerful judiciary and/or legislature were feared as well, the ultimate fear that the founders had was with regards to the growth and over abundance of power that a strong executive might carve out for himself/herself. In this way, a secondary benefit of the separation of power can be seen to have an ancillary benefit of ensuring that none of the three becomes too powerful; however, the ultimate goal that was originally intended to ensure that the executive branch was not able to exact total control over the system. This was primarily born out of the fear that was a result of the means by which the colonists had experienced the full might and whimsical wrath of King George III. After having a far less than pleasant experience with the way in which a total monarch (the ultimate executive) could exhibit control over each and every aspect of life, the colonists and the framers wanted to ensure that they could create a system of governance that did not exhibit this particular flaw. By refusing the power of the legislature to enact law, by refusing the power of the executive to pass legislation, and by refusing the judicial power the powers associated with either the legislative or executive branches, the framers were able to create a system that most effectively represented the means by which checks and balances could be ensured between all three branches. By not making any one entity or individual ultimately responsible, the framers sought to create a medium of governance that would not perish by nature of its very inability to provide rapid and/or radical changes based upon the whims or personal interests of a single individual or a cabal of self

Spotify Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Spotify - Essay Example By integrating enterprise’s strategy with information system strategy, SpotifyTM will be able to implement a successful business model. Introduction SpotifyTM provides cloud based music streaming service delivered via internet mobile phones which helps subscribers to access vast database of music at any place without bothering about storage capacity of physical media. The cloud based business model is structured to store enormous amount of data in virtual space without requiring physical storage devices like hard drives. The data stored by subscribers can be accessed from any remote location if the internet is available. By formulating and integrating organisation strategy with information system strategy, SpotifyTM will be able to increase their subscriber base as cloud based technology will help to reduce cost, provide faster access to any remote location, and manage existing resources efficiently (Miller, 2011, pp.8-20). Developing Enterprise Strategy Strategic planning is the process of formulating, implementing and assessing long term mission and vision of an organisation. Strategies are generally developed at the top level of the management and are implemented throughout the enterprise with the help of technology, human resources and process (Doyle, 2001, pp.2-14). SpotifyTM is cloud based music streaming service delivered via desktop and mobile phones. It was launched in October 2008 and offers subscribers access to vast database of songs via internet. The word ‘enterprise strategy’ implies the mission and vision of SpotifyTM which express where it wants to reach in future and how it expects to get there. (Source: OnbileTM, 2012) SpotifyTM aims to provide unlimited access to its subscribers with vast database of songs through internet using cloud based technology. Thus, the strategy according to the business model of SpotifyTM is to provide unlimited choice of songs database to subscribers at shortest time and affordable price. Techno logy and information system can help the SpotifyTM to achieve its goals. As the company offers cloud based technology to deliver services to subscribers, with the help of technology it will be able to reach customers at anywhere in the world. In addition to that, cloud computing is technology which can store unlimited amount data in virtual space. This means that while existing technology requires customers to carry some sort of memory device to transfer data from one site to another, cloud technology requires user to have only access to internet. The files can be downloaded and saved in any network with the help of remote access (Franklin and Chee, 2010, pp.45-62). Strategic Tools The Five Forces Model Threat of New Entrants - SpotifyTM will be able to provide their subscriber unlimited virtual space to store and stream music at affordable cost with the help of cloud based technology. Cloud computing is a relatively new technology and requires experience, knowledge, and proper data base organisation to offer uninterrupted services to customers. The technology of SpotifyTM has sufficient experience and expertise to implement their strategy and hence it is unlikely to face any threat from new

Emotional Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Emotional Intelligence - Essay Example coined the phrase â€Å"emotional intelligence† which they defined as being a type of social intelligence that included the ability to monitor their own feelings and those of people around them. This awareness would allow the individual to use that information to modify their own behavior and speech patterns to greatly increase their chances of successful communication. However the concept of emotional intelligence has been traced back to Edward Thorndike and his work Law of effect research (1911). The key element of Thorndike’s (1911) theory was the idea that in cases where responses are made to a situation, if the consequence of those responses was a positive experience (bringing pleasure) then it was more likely for those responses to be evident again in future similar situations. Conversely those situations that bring about a negative consequence (pain) were not likely to result in recurring responses for future events. Thereby Thorndike offered a positive and negative law of effect. This was the first time that such a theory had been proposed and supported by experimental evidence. His later work on animal intelligence made constant reference to this same theory. For example he noted that in his experiment of a cat in a box that â€Å"gradually all the other non-successful impulses will be stamped out and the particular impulse leading to the successful act will be stamped in by the resulting pleasure†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1898, p.13). He made similar observations about confined chickens. What he was looking for, or appeared to have identified was a connectionist theory that could explain the mechanism behind reinforcer action. This was an idea that was explored by later researchers such as Hull (1943) and more notably Skinner’s work on reinforcement. Skinner’s (1938) work on reinforcement did address a noted criticism of Thorndike’s work: namely circularity and affect. Thorndike’s aim was to find the underlying mechanism for certain actions – namely

Micro-environmental Factors of a Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Micro-environmental Factors of a Company - Essay Example Infosys is a large and developing company in information technology and consulting services and is now considered as one of the foremost technology companies of the world. Its rapid growth, innovative approach and corporate governance practices have attracted worldwide attention. Infosys started its operations in India in 1981 in a small way when a few technocrats joined hands and set up the company. Its phenomenal growth occurred after the government of India adopted economic liberalization in 1991. Presently Infosys employs over 100,000 people, operates virtually in all the major economies of the world and has revenues in excess of US$ 4.66 Billion (Annual Report, 2008-09). It offers software services in product engineering, reengineering, consulting, application and maintenance, business process outsourcing as well as independent testing and verification services. It clients span many sectors of industry and its services to banking, insurance and financial industry are some of its core activities – all executed in a pioneering way called the global delivery model (GDM), which according to their website, â€Å"†¦is based on the principle of taking work to the location where the best talent is available, where it makes the best economic sense, w ith the least amount of acceptable risk† (Infosys, 2009). This innovative approach gave birth to the concepts of off-shoring and outsourcing. Other major global and Indian software companies like Microsoft, Oracle, IBM, TCS, and WIPRO are the main competitors for Infosys in India and abroad.

Economic Geography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Economic Geography - Essay Example These include corruption of state officials, poor management of resources, and over dependence on foreign aid, poor government policies, lack of proper education, and lack of good infrastructure. These factors, summed up with the global epidemics of global warming and climate change, lead to underdevelopment in a country. Corruption among state officials is a common phenomenon in many underdeveloped and poor countries. This was the case in Kenya’s Goldenberg Saga in which tax payers’ money was squandered in the name of trading gold and other precious stones. The power that these masterminds possess is derived from their money. These corrupt officials never got any legal punishment. The corrupt officials also fail to deploy development funds to the regions that require them, and instead pocket the biggest portions of it. The result of this greed is the lack of development in the deprived regions and the eventual poverty of the people living in these areas. Another cause of poverty and underdevelopment is the poor management of natural resources and their under-utilization. These resources include earth minerals, water bodies, agricultural land, and sources of energy. There is no much effort in tapping natural resources and using them for development. A case in check is solar power. It was hardly tapped in large amounts to power massive utilities. Instead, underdeveloped countries depended on imported petroleum products for fuel. Oil is expensive and one cannot renew it once it is used up, unlike the natural and cheap solar energy and wind energy. Agricultural land is also not utilized to its fullest. Instead, people are abandoning it and going to look for jobs in the cities, and yet these countries have no food security. Poor government policies are also another reason for underdevelopment. These poor policies fail to address the issues affecting underdeveloped countries. They include misplaced financial

Monopoly Market Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Monopoly Market Structure - Essay Example In the operating system of monopoly there is usually one firm that provides the majority of the products and services sold and there may be a handful of smaller firms that might have little or no impact on the large dominant firm Because of the lack of competition the firms in the monopoly makes super normal economic profit which attracts other firms to enter the market. However there are quite some barriers for the new entrants (Mike Moffatt). The technology may be such as to exhibit substantial economies of scale which require only a single plant if the economies are to be fully reaped. For example in transport, electricity, and communications there are substantial economies which can be realized only at large scales of output. The size of the market may not allow the existence of more than a single large plant. In those conditions it is said that the market creates a natural monopoly and it is usually the government in such cases undertakes the production and distribution of the commodity or service so as to avoid the exploitation of the consumers. There is an ongoing debate about the advantages and disadvantages of monopoly. "The consensus seems to be that the economic case for and against monopoly needs to be judged on a case by case basis- particularly when assessing the impact on economic welfare" (Tutor2u). (1) Economies of Scale and Low... Advantages and Disadvantages of Monopoly There is an ongoing debate about the advantages and disadvantages of monopoly. "The consensus seems to be that the economic case for and against monopoly needs to be judged on a case by case basis- particularly when assessing the impact on economic welfare" (Tutor2u). There are certain distinct benefits accruing out of monopoly. These are: (1) Economies of Scale and Lower Prices - Because the monopoly producers often provide the goods or services on a large scale the producer may be able to take advantage of the economies of scale leading to a reduction in the total cost of production. Although this may increase the profits of the monopolist sometimes the higher efficiency in production may be passed on to the consumer in the form of lower prices for the product or service. (2) Regulation of Monopoly - Since there is always the possibility of economic welfare loss arising from the exploitation of monopoly power there are governmental regulations which can control the annual price increases and can also introduce fresh competition in certain industries which is beneficial to the consumers. (3) Research and Development, and Innovation - There is the necessity for the large firms to remain competitive globally to earn supernormal profits. Some part of the supernormal profits might be used to make research and development programmes which have the potential to bring new and innovative products and services into the market for the benefit of the consumers. (4) Price Discrimination - Some form or price discrimination being adopted by the monopolists may benefit the consumers. (5) Domestic

Commanding Heights Essay Example for Free

Commanding Heights Essay †¢ Episode 1: The Battle of Ideas begs a comparison between socialism and capitalism. †¢ It traces the world’s economic history from the early 1900’s to the events following 9/11. †¢ Asks the question which is a better and more foolproof economic system government control or free markets? †¢ It delves into how the First World War impacted two brilliant economists, Keynes and Hayek. And then follows both Keynes and Hayek through their respective career paths (Keynes role as an advisor to the British Government on wartime economy and Hayek as an Austrian soldier). †¢ Keynes predicted that the result of the treaty of Versailles and demanding reparations from an already bankrupt Germany and Austria would cause another war, The Second World War. †¢ Meanwhile Hayek and his disciple Zlabinger fought against hyper inflation and encouraged free markets. †¢ Simultaneously the American Economy was booming, till October 24th, 1930 when the great depression hit and unemployment soared and industry stopped and half of the US banks were closed down. †¢ During this time Keynes’s theory of government intervention helped lead the way out of the problem (Keynes wrote about Macroeconomics). †¢ Meanwhile Lenin had introduced the New Economic Policy which consisted of grass root level capitalism but the commanding heights would still be under the government. The reform was met with scrutiny from the left, soon after Stalin took power and employed centralised planning of every economic aspect. †¢ Owing to the recovery from the Great Depression and Keynes’ key role in the Breton Woods Conference, in America Keynesianism took control and Hayek faded into the background. †¢ In Britain a welfare state and socialism built the country back from the bottom up. †¢ Newly independent countries like India also employed Keynesian methods, allowing for State led industry. †¢ One third of the world followed aspects of socialism until Churchill and Margaret Thatcher and Keith Joseph were influenced by Hayek’s book, ‘Road to Serfdom.’ †¢ In Germany, Ludwig Erhard stopped price control and re-started the free market economy to combat hyperinflation. The success of his risky decision led to the German Economic Miracle. †¢ While Keynes’ still had a strong hold over Washington, a Chicago School of Economics was created and it emphasised Hayek’s theory as a measure to battle stagflation. †¢ Finally Thatcher’s election and confidence in Hayek’s theory allowed for free markets to be established again. Thus, after a period of a century came back to where it was at the beginning of the century, back to free markets.

Six Stages Consumer Purchasing Process Marketing Essay

Six Stages Consumer Purchasing Process Marketing Essay Consumer buying behavior is study based on consumer purchase decision making process and act of consumers involved in buying and using products. (businessdictionary.com, 2010). Understand the needs of consumers and their purchase behaviors are important when a marketer comes to success delivering products to the market. (Sheth, 1973) However, the most challenging thing about that every consumer is unique and has his own reason for purchasing a particular product in satisfaction of his needs and wants. Consumer buying behavior also trends to move with change continually in influential factors. As marketers, they must know what factors influence consumer purchase. The earliest literature review on consumer buying behavior is the book of Golden Rules of Business Success by Tao Zhu Gong (Fan Li, 439BC), which record about the importance of understanding the current and forecasting the future consumer purchasing trends, and then educating consumers, thereby influence their purchasing decision (Kotler et al, 1994). There is a wonderful example of how does Apple through evaluate consumer behavior to obtain an effective online marketing. Apple assume about consumer behavior are reflected in their online shopping. In consideration of an assumption for consumers time presses and technical savvy, Apple focus on their products and technology, and design with a tag relating to their core products like iPod, iPhone, Mac and iTunes in website. The design aim at facilitate information intensive and more convenient to consumers online shopping based on Apple behavioral assumption for consumers. This is a minimalist method that Apple assumes their target consumers are suspicious of hard sell, so Apple tries marketing toward soft sell approach. 2.2 Six Stages Consumer Purchasing Process A consumer gets through six stages in any purchase (Vashisht, 2005) (see Figure 1). According to this model, a consumer must first be recognizing a problem based on his needs. This perceiving could be external stimulated by marketing communication, physical cues or seeing the product in use (Neal, 2006). When the consumers are aware of they need, and then meaning the identification of product consumer needs, this stage depends on how important the product is to consumer by socially, economically and psychologically (Adcock, 2001). Once the consumers have recognized a problem, they enter the information search stage on products that look for solutions to their problems. Consumers could undertake both an internal search (memory), and an external search from commercial or public sources (Belch, 2007). Consumers will also tryout the product if possible. The consumers will have a rank or shortlist from which they will buy the products by then. After the information search, the shortlisted products will be compared and evaluated by product attributes, subjective factors or personal criteria (Gilligan, 2007). By the end of alternatives evaluation stage, the consumers would have decided on an ideal product to buy. When the alternatives have been evaluated, the consumers will decide to purchase product includes from whom to buy, where and when to buy, even whether to buy (Vashisht, 2005). Khosla, Swati (2002) notice that marketer must facilitate the action of consumers on purchase intention. In the final stage of post-purchase evaluation, the consumer compares it with his expectations and ranks his purchase levels of satisfaction. The evaluation determines if the consumer will purchase this product again and tell others (Mullin, 2008). With the newest MacBook in June, 2012, a case about the influence of Apple successful marketing on a typical consumers purchase decision making process based on six stages mentioned above. At first a consumer is going to recognizing need. This problem is recognized by the stimulus, like Apples secretive press conference. The result as may not be a truly essential item but still become his needs and he so desperately want it. After recognizing his needs, consumer starts an information search stage. Depend on a high interest, he is going to search all pertinent information for the newest MacBook, because he want understand it better, it include opinions for others and reviews to weight his own options. During this consumer to evaluate the alternatives, the result in the newest MacBook is very different from others and it is an innovative product. Now to his purchase decision, he is inclined to purchase the newest MacBook base his evaluations on a truly need level. Lastly, when he has gained the newest MacBook, he feels satisfaction on the post purchase. 2.3 Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior Various analysts categorize the many factors influencing consumer behavior in different classification. Relevant ways are internal and external factors by Koudelka (1996) and categorization in to sociocultural and psychological factors by Hitesh Bhasin (2010). Mowen and Minor (2009) identifies five factors, which they categorizes in to Personal, Social, Cultural, Psychological and Situational factors effect on consumer purchasing decision (see Figure 2). This way is also endorsed by Kujnish Vashisht et al. (2005). 2.3.1 Personal Factors Gilligan (2009) opinion that each of us is unique traits such as age, knowledge, profession, personality, lifestyle and financial situation will influence our consumer behavior. Kotler (2009) identifies that individual factors are highly linked to the human psychological factors. According personal factors, Apple will segment market into a meaningful consumer groups, better serve toward target consumer groups, provide differentiated serve to target consumers and positioning themselves in the minds of consumers. Another compelling example highlights how does Apple utilizes personal factors to implement their marketing successfully. Due to Gilligans opinion for everybody is unique, Apple allow consumer according to their own favor to download the different software in their devices so that assemble into a unique product for theirself, such as iTouch allow consumers to download their own favor games, music or moves by iTunes, thus everyone has a unique iTouch that should aim to maximize consumer satisfaction. 2.3.2 Cultural Factors Bob Perry (2009) suggests that cultural factors has most important effect on consumer purchasing decision due to they are the major cause of a personal needs and behavior. Cultural factors include personal value, attitude, perception, etc. cultural factors dominated by personal social culture, geographical area, education level or religious belief and life experiences of shape the personal consciousness or behavior ways (Wilson, 2009). Berkman (1986) note that social status also plays a role will be reflected in the consumer purchasing habits by a combination of income, wealth, education, occupation and others. For example, consumers used to measure their social status by their consumption level, higher consumption level represents the higher social status, Apple successful utilizes this variable to induce consumers purchase Apple product on an expensive side. Owning an Apple product has become a contemporary social sign. It means that youre doing well enough financial conditions to piss away on a higher-priced consumption level. 2.3.3 Social Factors Human beings live in a society and social factors are really important influence for individual buying behaviors. Family members, friends, relatives or colleagues often form reference groups who play an important role in influencing the purchasing decision of individuals (Hoyer Haythornthwaite, 2002). Hence, Apple did a smart application about networking, public forums discussion, and online reports share to indirect influencing the consumer emotion. Based on the modern socially-connected world, Apple marketing has benefited to public praise, word of mouth way, social proof or media hype by this variable (Macinnis, 2010). 2.3.4 Psychological Factors Psychological factors include personal motivation, views, needs, attitudes or perception. Marshal (2007) believes that individually psychology is the biggest challenges will be managed. If a resource is scarce, people will put a lot of value to it, Fernbach (2012) said, consumers go nuts, and they want to buy it. The rarer a thing is, the more it is value has been become the Apples marketing mantra is used to driven consumers psychology. Fernbach also indicated two other psychological behavioral factors play a role in helping Apple draw their consumer behaviors to marketing are impatience and herd mentality. Apple thinks that when we see others doing something, we will automatically to following. When Apple release iPhone 5 in September 21st 2012, many consumers take the time to line up outside Meadows mall in order to first to get an iPhone 5 (Denver, 2012). Conformity psychological trend will add personal value, acknowledge and self-recognition (Herzberg, 1987). 2.3.5 Situational Factors Foxall (1998) identified that situational factors accounted for a large proportion of consumer purchasing decision. The act of purchase is influenced by many factors: physical environment (mood, weather or lighting), social surrounds (stores atmosphere) occasion (seasonal pressures) and even temporal perspectives (Stewart, 1987). 2.4 Types of Consumer Buying Behavior Henry Assael (1987) divide buying behavior into four types (see Figure 3), depending upon the extent of involvement and degree of difference among products: complex buying behavior, dissonance reducing buying behavior, habitual buying behavior and variety seeking buying behavior. 2.4.1 Brief Four Types of Consumer Buying Behavior Habitual buying behavior in results when the consumers choose between different substitute products with same features and functions, consumers will go for the one that they has been using before or familiar with it. Kotler (2009) is of the opinion that more due to brand loyalty than habit. Variety seeking consumer buying behavior is a randomly buy, the result when the consumer has decided on a different product every time. Adcock (2001) holds that switch a new brand not due to dissatisfaction for old brand, it only satisfy they to try out the new one. Dissonance reducing buying behavior as the third, consumers will be highly involved in this type of buying behavior due to the cost and risk of the purchase, but will recognize less or no product difference between the brands. They feeling distrust or disappoint (Wilson, 2009). Complex buying behavior takes place when highly involved consumers who compare with full brands of the products in the market. This type of consumer will go through a relative lengthy stage of information search and evaluation based on their needs (Baker, 2003). 2.4.2 The Application for Apple Company The analysis shows that four types of consumer buying behavior-based, Apple successful built their brand loyalists, this type consumers loyal to Apple brand goes beyond the product itself. For example, the loyalists who purchase Apple Mac because of them like and believe in the Apple brand. Apple positions their brand values in mind of consumers. Apple applies these values to design anything. If Apple were to sale a car as result in they should be also successful with their loyal consumers due to loyalists will believe that the same perceived across every Apple product they offer. In this research, according to the concepts, influential factors, purchasing decision making process and types of consumer behavior, consumers gender, age, education level, and income level as the most important demographic variables will be involved in Apple marketing. Apple applies these individual demographic factors to create marketing mix in order to cater consumers satisfactions. These demographic factors play a major role in consumer purchasing decision making process. Hence, the hypothesis one was stated as follow: H1: The significant differences exist in the relationship between demographic variables and consumers intentions to purchase Apple product. 2.5 Marketing Marketing Mix Adock (2007) using Neil Bordens 4Ps (1953) (see Figure 4), identifies marketing is that a right product, in a right place, at the right time and at the right price. Around this conclusion, the market competition between the businesses has moved from product, price, place and promotion to a single p-people, and that people are the consumers. Marketers are able to obtain more consumers that play a major role in deciding the winner in a diverse, complex and rapid changing situation (Uysal, 2005), because of they recognize that it look unlikely to produce one product that will satisfy all consumers in this competition. Instead, marketers must plan marketing mix to guide marketing. The marketing mix is the strategic framework to focus on developing best tactics and strategies to achieve marketplace success based on objectives of marketing. Marketing mix also as a strategic tool is that used in marketers to communicate their marketing objectives and control variables to their target market (Kolter, 2001). It includes 4 types of variables in marketing mix, also called the 4Ps: (1) product: supply of a tangible or intangible item to meet the needs of consumers, such as brand name, functions, design or packaging etc. (2) price: the amount of money a customer pay for the product, it may include pricing, discounts etc. (3) promoti on: the methods of communication that companies to delivery information to consumers, the means like advertising , sales promotions etc. (4) place: a location where is consumer to purchase, the decision such as distribution channels or transportation (Clemons, 2006). 2.6 The Extended Marketing Mix The Extended Marketing Mix of Booms and Bitner (1981) also called 7Ps (see Figure 5), as marketing tool that increase 3 variables based on 4 traditional Marketing Mix framework for seven. The 7Ps model is more useful for technological-intensive industries to attract and retain their consumers (Mauborgne, 2004). The expanded the marketing mix by replenishing the following three additional Ps: People refer to all individuals directly or indirectly involved in the consumption process. They include the workers, employees, management and consumers themselves. Process as methods, procedures of providing quality services and products and is an essential element of the marketing mix. Physical Evidence refers to both tangible and intangible ability and environment in which the services products are delivered, such as buildings, stores, experience or customers satisfaction (David Pickton Rosalind Masterson, 2009). The benefits about applying the marketing mix are that help marketers to translate their competitive advantages to target consumers helps with goal achievement and promote customers satisfaction (Rice, 1993). A criticism stated that traditional marketing mix is too simply due to consumers environment has become more complex now (Chiliya, 2009), so, in order to extend the usefulness of it, I will try to best research the influences of the extended marketing mix on Apple by a successful 7Ps strategy. Under this criticism, the hypothesis two was stated as follow: H2: The significant differences exist in the relationship between demographic variables and consumers responses for the Apple marketing mix. 2.7 The Application of Marketing Mix for Apple Company If use one word to summarize Apple marketing mix, it should have to be a differentiation. Apple makes huge efforts to differentiate their anything from their competitors. There are several typical examples to respectively reveal how the marketing mix of Apple can differentiate others in success. 2.7.1 Product Almost everyone knows that Apple products are distinct, unique and different from their competitors. All products of Apple succeeded in its innovation for superior design and high-tech functions stand out from their competitors (Diana Samuels, 2010). Apple has been a unified design philosophy is based on their brand cultural for total products. They using similar word named their products: iPad, iTouch, iPhone, iAnyting to create and foster brand identity to consumers (Nick, 2010). In addition, Apples core competitive advantage is control over experience of users by a user-friendly user interfaces and a digital hub strategy with iTunes and App store, etc. Apple has successful integrated hardware and software services from a single supplier to monopoly operations (Arthur, 2011). The long awaited of iPhone5 has just launched and a lot of new design for a smaller dock connector, taller 4-inch screen, 20% lighter than the older version and 18% thinner. The appearance design will deal for users to holding with just one hand. Camera, battery life also has improved and the functional features will support LTE (The Guardian, 2012). And the graphics and processor are twice as faster than iPhone4S by A6 chip. The iPhone5 is identified as a most high-end product in current smartphone market. 2.7.2 Price Premium price is well known as price strategy in Apple, the biggest reason for the success of Apple premium price is that Apple provides a distinct products services and it different from its competitors, so prices will automatically rise and higher than others depend on the distinct technologies provided by each product (Cohen, 2011). The other tactics is skimming price has a great result of sales for Apple. Each time the Apple launch a new product, they will charge a higher price with a hunger sale that they confirm consumers will pay (Benjamin, 2012). And later introduces lower price version with fewer functions (for example, iPod) or a newer version with a higher price (for instance, for the pricing of iPhone 5 is same as previous versions and the older versions will drop pricing) (Jemima, 2012). As the early purchasers are satisfied, and then following the demand curve, the price will be lowered. 2.7.3 Place Apple Store has already successful out there around the world in different places, and will continues expanding in key locations around the world to improve their capabilities of distribution. Not only Apple Store provides to consumers a comfortable atmosphere of shopping, but also delivers a high touch shopping experience and education mode (Wolf, 2011). The place tactics of Apple Store is attention to detail layout, services like the larger Genius Bar and comfortable product-display tables. Consumers can stay in Apple Store anytime they want playing with the any products with website and nobody will boot out them to leave (Brownlee, 2012). 2.7.4 Promotion Apple is very active in its promotional tactics for create hype towards public. The main method is advertising, it can be found on anytime, anywhere and any way (Sean, 2010). This effort has successful in creating excitement and curiosity before the induction of new products every time. Today, the logo of Apple has become one of the most recognizable signs (McManus, 2012). However its worth mentioning, the point of never changed is that Apple Inc. always keep a distinct and consistent style on its advertising (Gilmour, 2011), such as the commercials of company is focused on innovation and the iPod focused on the coolness. The personal selling is one of promotional tool for Apple Inc. (Duckett, 2009) Apple Stores always employ many young and knowledgeable sales representatives to serve their consumers better. Additionally, Apple knows that the word-of-mouth is usually as a more usefully and effective reference for consumers purchase their product (Martin, 2008). 2.7.5 People The continued effect of Steve Jobs celebrity charm brings a large number of Apple fans (Dent, 2011). New Chief Executive Officer of Apple is Timothy D. Tim Cook and today, Apple Inc. owns a various members who are working together with mutual different technology and knowledge area in order to create more effective products and services. 2.7.6 Physical Evidence Distinct design style and comfortable shopping atmosphere environment is major reason of the physical evidence strategy succeeded in revolute the traditional displays (Rachel Lamb, 2012). All experience touch point strong the Apple brand. Moreover, the Apple logo has evolved to an Apple with a bite taken out now. 2.7.7 Process Apple Company seeks to attract new consumers and retain their loyalty through focus on customer service (Peter, 2009). The service consultants are 24/7 available for the best service to their all users in order to help them optimize solution at the first moment. One to One service will help consumers do more than when they after purchase a new Mac (Grace, 2011). Apple has expanded their delivery channels in recent years such as the MacWorld Expo. Although the marketing mix of Apple has been very successful, but it still lead to the difference exist in consumer behaviors. Under this line, the hypothesis three was identified as follow: H3: The positive relationship exists between the consumer buying intentions for Apple product and their perceptions for Apple marketing mix. 2.8 Relevant Theories and Models The objectively explanation theories models to complex consumer buying behavior actions tool a major part in this subject, which based on economics, environics, sociology, ethnic and cultural studies, political science, philosophy, marketing science, psychology, behaviorism and anthropology (Schiffman, 1993). These also bring the wealth of valuable literature available on this subject. 2.8.1 Marshallian Theory According to the economic doctrine by Smith and Jeremy Bentham (1879), Marshall propounds the Marshallian model that assumes individual buyer will spend his income on a rational commodity and conscious economic calculation. This theory attempt to driven the buyers equilibrium for their psychological needs of commodity and individual financial situation with supply price (Runyon, 1987). Lets go back to 2001, one of the more prominent example is when iPod introduced by Apple, there were already many other MP3 players on the market, iPod were not the first, it were a new technological product that were unfamiliar to people, and iPod were also on an expensive price. Under the background of global economic crisis, Apple was realizing that likely to be missed out on a potential sales opportunities due to the middle and lower classes whose income levels are so low, and Motherbaugh (2008) indicates that the middle and lower classes make up 75% of global structure for the time. According to this reason, Apple changed the product and price of iPod in order to accommodate to meet a social-demographic structure differentiation. Apple introduced the different memory capacity of iPod such as 8G, 16G etc. and different models like a smaller iPod shuffle. Apple did a clever move by create the new marketing mix to cater the different purchasing power based on different social demog raphic structures. Applying this principle of theory, Apple has successful seized the potential consumers psychology, create products differentiation to handle a consumers needs and strong urge to purchase on a premium price. The main criticism of this theory is that consumers are get affected by other variables such as marketing and social factors observably. Consumers are unlikely to be due solely to the prices of Apple products to decide their purchase intentions. Hence, the theory is ignores all the other aspects, is too simple and inadequate (Arena, 2003). A second view is that the consumers are not likely to fully aware of the market, Kotler (1979) believe that this theory is unrealistic. 2.8.2 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Maslow is a well-known hierarchy of psychological needs theory (Abraham Maslow, 1943). Maslow categorizes five basic levels of human needs in lower level needs to higher level needs (see Figure 6), range from biogenic need to psychogenic need (Kabuk, 1997). Loudon (1993) support this model is that better understands the consumers motivation and used to market segments. Wahba Brudwell (1976) has argued that found little evidence to rank the hierarchy of needs in their extensive research. Manfred Max Neef (1990) has also argued the result for the hierarchical human needs have not included all, such as freedom. Maslows model has also been criticized as difficult to categorize because of the ever-changing needs along with a changing environment (Della Bitta, 1993). Despite the much criticism on this model, the marketers of Apple think that it is useful in marketing mix strategy as result in it can provides an understanding for consumers perceptions and motivations. For instance, there is main motivation for consumers to purchase an iTouch are to listen to music, play games, or see the moves and as a higher status symbol. These are the primary drives of their motivations to purchase iTouch. The drive of motivations is a pressure that is come from the consumers by their social groups and intentions are the final satisfaction of the buying cycle. The motivate level can be measured through the iTouch if satisfy the consumers expected for quality. According to the Maslow Theory of Need Hierarchy, the consumers purchase the iTouch in order to satisfy their wants and needs due to the iTouch as a luxury product that makes the consumers feel pleasure and satisfy the highest hedonistic needs within total hierarchy. Additionally, Apple use this hierarchy as a comprehensive framework to guide their create advertising through appeals for the need level towards target consumers, focus on their distinct products features and service experience. 2.8.3 Pavlovian Model OShaughnessy (1992) describes that the learning of Pavlovian model is also called classical conditioning (see Figure 7). Pavlov (1890) explains that the relationship with drive, cue and response results in habits. This model contributes to provide insights to research concerning consumer behavior and marketing. Apple marketing is like the dag of Pavlov, the reason is that once the bell of Pavlov rings, numerous consumers are queuing outside the Apple retail store to purchase Apple product around the world, a huge proportion of consumers are almost become habit. For instance, when the iPad 2 was introduced in last year, nobody mind or even aware of its camera was less than 0.92 megapixels, but the Motorola Xooms was 5 megapixels and clearer. The weakness of Pavlovian Model is inability to adequately explain the interpersonal influences, perception etc. to be important result (Gatersleben, 1998). For example consumers may not be able to purchase the Apple product under their financial situations. However, this model contributes to Apple by offers industry insights, in term of guidance for advertising strategy to target consumers. Apple active in a hype way and repetitive slogan has frequent appear in anywhere and anytime to arouse consciousness of consumers and strong brand identify. 2.8.4 Howard Sheth Buyer Behavior Model Howard Sheth Model was considered as an advanced theory of consumer behavior by most scholars (see Figure 8). The major advantage of the model presents with a large number of variables has been linked in the consumer purchase decision based on behavioristics (Bridgewell, 1987). This model help Apple to identify that their target consumers individual characteristics, consumer purchasing decision making process, interaction of their marketing mix stimuli, and consumer responses on Apple products under the macro environment stimuli depend on internal personal stimuli and external force stimuli. Apple applies it as guidance of marketing mix that better understanding for a relationship between the stimuli and the response of the consumers by behaviorism. However, in reality many decisions are not made in awareness of a determined problem by the consumer. However, the limitation of study is that the model too comprehensive involvement of almost all variables and many consumers decisions are not awareness, itll difficult to measurement and cannot be realistically tested (Francesco, 1976). 2.8.5 Porters Generic Strategies Michael E. Porter (1995) developed a model of generic strategies to how a company to sustain the competitive advantage and better position in a market (see Figure 9). Porter suggests three generic strategies of achieve a market leadership position, which are cost leadership strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategies based on target market. Cost leadership is where the company must offer lowest costs than its rivals (Thompson, 2007). Cost leadership can be achieved by cost-saving, minimizing waste, standardized product and large scale production (Martin 2006). Differentiation strategy makes use of unique product, special brand, innovative services and superior value to capture the market (Stahl, 1997). Focus strategies concentrates on a limited range of market segments. Focus strategy can gain both cost leadership and differentiation (Stopford, 1992). Critics have always questioned the use of generic strategies, its lack specificity, lack flexibility, and are limiting nature (W.Chan Kim, 2009). Two objectives of cost leadership and differentiation will likely conflict mutually (Baden-Fuller, 1994). Based on Porters model, Apple is pursuing a broad differentiation strategy to marketing by providing a wide range of products and services for a high quality, luxury design, distinct features, personalized and user-friendly service. The products and services are breaking through all of race, gender, age and culture targeting populations. The example is personal computers products, such as the iMac, iBook. Apple computers pay more attention to innovation rather than pricing products at lower level. The Macintosh operating system of Apple computers is a unique system in the computer industry. Apple marketing is able to charge a premium price on their products by their differentiation strategy. 2.9 Current Market Trends and Challenges facing the Industry Consumer electronics industry is a very fast moving and continually changing marketplace where new product is launched on an everyday basis. Today the consumer electronics companies work on the mantra of providing more significant product at faster speed than their rivals (Alan Flitcroft, 2008). Time is a key element where the new winner innovative competitive rules at speed (Hart Murphy, 1998). Every day one marketer is rolling out new technology. In such a trend, no one knows what each marketer will bring out tomorrow that will pose threat to others. So fast innovation pace makes the companies challenge is that it have been hit by more competitors who have entered market (Carter, 2005). Thus, the marketers must seek for their competitive advantage, focus on innovate the new selling points to attract or retain customers. The words of Hart (1999) must be able to getting different, which especially in the top managed company to go on the market in an invincible position. 2.10 Conceptual Framework The purpose of this research is to identify the influence of marketing mix on attitudinal buying behaviors consumers. Determine the significant differences exist in the relationship between Apple marketing mix perceptions of consumers and their con

The Relationship Between Man And Woman English Literature Essay

The Relationship Between Man And Woman English Literature Essay Thesis: Developing a healthy relationship between a man and a woman is a challenging endeavor. The step from a relationship to a commitment of marriage passes several stages. A man marries a woman for who she is and not for who she trying to be. Audience: Fellow students and Dr. Janssens Purpose: To illustrate the possible challenging factors for a woman and a man in a relationship; to nurture and maintain all the way to the altar. Everyone heard the story about the prince who marries the town maiden. Or the handsome eligible bachelor who could have any girl he wants, nevertheless who falls in love with an ordinary woman who is difficult to deal with. At the wedding, the guy feels like luckiest guy in the universe. Meanwhile, his family is popping antacids wondering, Why her? Then the speculation starts: Is it the cooking? Is it the sex? Did she brainwash him? What they are dying to do is pull the guy aside and ask him point-blank, Why are you marrying such a bitch? Four years ago, after my 36th birthday party once again I ask myself a question, Why are you still single? I was never a kind of women that would chaise a man and push him into a commitment. Nevertheless, I have always wondered, What is that one thing (or perhaps more) that blocking me from finding my soul mate? So, one day, I was in a book store and I could not take away my eyes from a title that said, Why Man Marry Bitch? I have to admit that I have never thought about any married woman being cruel or damn, instead I always have thought that they were most fortuned woman in the world. So, with curiosity of what is behind this book title, I brought the book. S. Argon is the author of the US national bestseller Why Man Love Bitches and Why Man Marry Bitches. The author has contributed to more than thirty magazines, including Cosmopolitan and Esquire. Her books have been featured on prime-time sitcoms as well as on The OReilly Factor, Fox Magazine, and the View and are published in more than twenty languages. In Why Man Marry Bitches S. Argon is not giving another how to fetch a man advise. This book captured my attention not by it remotely suggesting that I am incomplete until I find my better half. This book challenges convention, broaden our understanding of why some relationships dont progress, and modernize the way we think, about how man chooses his soul mate. The author encourages woman who feel like doormats to develop a sense of independence. When the author uses the word bitch, the woman she is describing is not cruel or mean. Throughout the book the author uses bitch in a tongue-in-cheek (Argon 12) way. As the author claims, this term intent to be satirical (53) However, content of the book is faraway from actual meaning of this word, so I think the title of the book has to be magnetic for all types of woman, including married and single. In my opinion, married woman would stay away from this book as title offends her even in the context of the book bitch described as a strong, secure, independent woman. Therefore, the title of the book might drop down the number of readers that are concerned about the book cover. Moreover, readers of this book might be man as well as woman in order to understand both sides of conflicts in relationships. The plot of this book is following. As a physiatrist and relationship expert, the author questions hundreds of man and woman in order to solve each and every aspect of relationship, leaving nothing unsolved. Throughout the book, the author draws several conclusions, attached with graphs of surveys that she researched over the past ten years. Every other page includes Relationship Principle # according to results of survey and different perspectives on a particular situation in relationship between man and woman. The author claims that when woman thinks that she need to need a man (25) she is wrong. I agree with the author as I think woman should have sense of independence where she can see and perceive things with broader mind. For example, in the movie Closer Natalie Portman asks Judie Law, why he is madly in love with the photographer (played by Julia Roberts) It is because she is successful? No. He said it is because she doesnt need him.(78) Another interesting fact from the book says, There is nothing more puzzled to a man than something he had to wait for, work for, or struggle a little bit to get. (40) Who would argue with that? Not me. I believe that men are natural-born competitors. When a man is in pursuit mode, he gets the same feeling he gets when hes playing a slot machine in a casino. He can lose ten times in a row, but hell still be on the edge of his seat thinking, Im almost winning. Every time he thinks he is losing, all women have to do is sweeten the pot. If his woman asks him to fix something, she makes him feel like a winner. If she convince him he had a great idea, he is winner. In conclusion, Why Man Marry Bitch challenging woman and man to look beyond their capability of problem solving in relationship and make an effort to understand, to respect ones opinion, to open new challenges, to like and to love, but to always keep that silky curtains between two genders. No matter how equal and powerful each gender can be, there are always break-points when one could do not more than other and so one could need no more from other, however, still could love and cherish each other. Finally, Why Man Marry Bitches? Perhaps man marry woman because à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Once upon a time there was a princess. Along came a prince who asked her if she would like to ride on his white horse. She said, Id like to take a ride on your horse, but I cant right now because Im a little busy getting my own horse. Go ride off into the sunset without me, and Ill catch up to you a little later. Suddenly, the prince is dumbfounded. He is never heard anything like this before. Something clicks inside him, and it starts a fire within him that he cant put out, because she doesnt need him. And then he says, I have to be with her for the rest of my life.(225) Words count: 1020

Og Mandino (For the Rest of My Life) :: essays research papers

For the Rest of My Life . . .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the rest of my life there are two days that will never again trouble me. The first day is yesterday with all its blunders and tears, its follies and defeats. Yesterday has passed forever bye my control. The other day is tomorrow with its pitfalls and threats, its dangers and mystery. Until the sun rises again, I have no stake in tomorrow, for it is still unborn. With God’s help and only one day to concentrate all my effort and energy on, this day, I can win! Only when I add the burden of those two frightening eternities, yesterday and tomorrow, am I in danger of faltering under the load. Never again! This is my day! This is my only day! Today is all there is! Today is the rest of my life and I resolve to conduct myself through every waking hour in the following manner. . . . For the rest of my life, this very special day, God help me . . . to heed the wise advice of Jesus and Confucius and Zoroaster and treat me. To maintain a rein on my tongue and my t emper, guarding against foolish moments of faultfinding and insults. To greet all those I encounter with a smile instead of a frown, and a soft word of encouragement instead of disdain or even worse, silence. To be sympathetic and attentive to the sorrows and struggles of others, realizing that there are hidden woes in every life no matter how exalted or lowly. To make haste to be kind to all others, understanding that life is too short to be vengeful or malicious, too soon ended to be petty or unkind. For the rest of my life, this very special day, God help me. To keep reminding myself that in order to harvest more ears of corn in the fall, I must plant more kernels in the spring. To understand that life always rewards me on the terms that I establish, and if I never perform or deliver more than that for which I am paid, never will I have reason to demand or expect and additional gold. To always deliver more than is expected of me, whether at work, at play, or at home. To labor wit h enthusiasm and l9ove, no matter what the task at hand may be, realizing that if I cannot secure happiness out of my work I will never know what real happiness is. Og Mandino (For the Rest of My Life) :: essays research papers For the Rest of My Life . . .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the rest of my life there are two days that will never again trouble me. The first day is yesterday with all its blunders and tears, its follies and defeats. Yesterday has passed forever bye my control. The other day is tomorrow with its pitfalls and threats, its dangers and mystery. Until the sun rises again, I have no stake in tomorrow, for it is still unborn. With God’s help and only one day to concentrate all my effort and energy on, this day, I can win! Only when I add the burden of those two frightening eternities, yesterday and tomorrow, am I in danger of faltering under the load. Never again! This is my day! This is my only day! Today is all there is! Today is the rest of my life and I resolve to conduct myself through every waking hour in the following manner. . . . For the rest of my life, this very special day, God help me . . . to heed the wise advice of Jesus and Confucius and Zoroaster and treat me. To maintain a rein on my tongue and my t emper, guarding against foolish moments of faultfinding and insults. To greet all those I encounter with a smile instead of a frown, and a soft word of encouragement instead of disdain or even worse, silence. To be sympathetic and attentive to the sorrows and struggles of others, realizing that there are hidden woes in every life no matter how exalted or lowly. To make haste to be kind to all others, understanding that life is too short to be vengeful or malicious, too soon ended to be petty or unkind. For the rest of my life, this very special day, God help me. To keep reminding myself that in order to harvest more ears of corn in the fall, I must plant more kernels in the spring. To understand that life always rewards me on the terms that I establish, and if I never perform or deliver more than that for which I am paid, never will I have reason to demand or expect and additional gold. To always deliver more than is expected of me, whether at work, at play, or at home. To labor wit h enthusiasm and l9ove, no matter what the task at hand may be, realizing that if I cannot secure happiness out of my work I will never know what real happiness is.

The Three Stages of Alzheimers Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimer’s is most likely formed by other symptoms called dementia. Dementia is not an actual disease, but has a vast range of symptoms which are precursors to many types of diseases. When dementia is detected in an individual their memory tends to decline and it becomes a hassle to complete everyday duties. When diagnosing individuals there are a series of steps taken in order to see if the individual progressed to dementia and also which disease caused those symptoms to take effect. These stages are preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Within the preclinical stage there are three sub-stages that deal with protein, plaque buildup in the brain called beta-amyloid. The symptoms for this stage are undetectable. Stage two is the MCI stage, which contain more visible symptoms such as deterioration of thinking abilities. Stage three is dementia. The symptoms for this stage are more severe and researchers use biomarkers (biochemical trackers) to detect the dis ease. There have been questions on whether individuals diagnosed with MCI are more likely to stop at dementia or progress towards Alzheimer’s disease. There have been a couple of experiments pertaining to this question, however people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) tend to pass the third stage, which is dementia and progress towards Alzheimer’s. When a person is diagnosed with a certain health problem, it doesn’t come within a matter of seconds, it happens within a steady process. First there are symptoms which most people ignore until diagnosis, then after a couple of years of ignoring the symptoms that person is diagnosed. Minor symptoms could start with slight memory loss that could result in, for example, misplacing car keys and forgett... ...the individuals mental abilities start to slow down. Lastly, stage three dealt with dementia. Within this stage the cognitive functions start shutting down. Researchers diagnose individuals with this stage and test whether they have progressed into Alzheimer’s disease. The detection of Alzheimer’s disease is easier for the researchers to detect because the symptoms are noticeable and their cognitive and behavior changes for the worst. These individuals start having mood swings and obsessive compulsion disorder and unacceptable social behavior. Referring back to the BMC Neurology research experiment, it showed that 54 individuals were diagnosed with Dementia and 50 individuals progressed to Alzheimer’s disease. This concludes that people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) tend to pass the third stage, which is dementia and progress towards Alzheimer’s.

The Relationship between Architecture and Politics

Architecture is non merely classified as depicting the elegant and formal penchants of an designer, but it can besides uncover the hopes, power battle and the elements civilization of the society. Although nowadays architecture tend to revolve around subjects that represents neutrality in order to stand for a fitter subject or image for the metropolis without back uping any political government, it can be surely maintained that utilizing architecture as a major tool to typify power and authorization for a society such as Nazi Germany and Rome power is a needed and preferable tool in order to maintain the bequest of the society or country alive as clip base on ballss by as the built environment is a text whose every word reveals a nation’s vicissitudes. As insofar the edifice that was merely said to be a work or architectural Earth can function a intent of being a ocular metaphor, denoting something in its ain manner about the power, being, strength, protectiveness and construc tion of the establishment it represents. First, architecture supports the system with a structural theoretical account which is used by the society to gestate the universe which makes it connected with political power as said by Mitchell kapor â€Å"Architecture is politics† . Hence there is a structural relationship between the societal and political sides, architecture reveals the power that is embodied in it and specifically the monumental architecture that is formed by the political powers. These memorials shows the power of the persons accountable for their formation and they describe the nature of that power. For illustration, utilizing axial architecture symbolizes systematically more to power which control the community as it directs people to that place or that specific power. Whereas, Non-axial architecture ever maintain the equality of component parts and puts the picks ever between people’s custodies instead than the command of certain end. Furthermore non axial architecture is on a regular basis c onnected to political power as authorization from the multitudes. Architecture that symbolizes top-down distribution of power is the antonym of an architecture that demonstrates control vested by the community as shown even in prisons as the warden’s power is over the inmate which shows the supreme border of societal control. As architecture can command the manner we understand the universe, looking at architectural history the relation between the monumental architecture and political power can systematically be seen. Architecture gives us the pick to visualise mentally and back up societies to make systems that shows their societal and cultural traditions and patterns. Hence, leaders use it to show the manner that they understand world in and show how they crave to be seen by the people and implement their sentiment and position and carry their power over the public. However, Nazi’s and Romans leaders in Germany and Rome in the old centuries used architecture in a manner to exudate power and domination in order to maintain their bequest as a society with power and wealth in the universe, hence their edifices had an tremendous consequence on the manner designers designed their edifices in the western side of the universe and still continues till this twenty-four hours. Nowadays along the western universe the consequence of Roman power is still manifest which shows how utilizing architecture as a society power tool can be effectual and is needed by the universe, and many European metropoliss still have keepsakes that remind them of the ancient Rome. Architecture played an indispensable function in conveying together the imperium and was critical to the success of Rome as both formal architecture like temples and basilicas for illustration Bridgess and aqueducts had a major function in stand foring Rome power. Communication across the far flung was supported by the building of the roads with their Bridgess. Furthermore, clean and hygiened H2O was provided to the people in metropolis by aquedects. Whereas, the basilica fulfilled administrative maps which was showed in American metropoliss in town halls or tribunal houses and other edifices besides served Roman power weather straight or indirectly. The basilicas had assorted features and constituents such as a projection which the Romans called apsis which acted as the place of the magistrate accountable for distributing the jurisprudence and along with it comes a scene or an image of the emperor which is the beginning of the jurisprudence. Then above the image is a curvey semi -circular line which acts as an reverberation in the signifier of the apsis. The basilica in Roman metropolis carried the construct of Roman authorization for the people of the Roman Empire. The association with individual was a leading account for the usage of the basilica soft as the typical become of the Christian church from the abstraction of the Emperor Metropolis. The organisation of the infinite and temperament of the edifices in the 2nd century formed about a symbolic map of Roman power which the survey of this early 2nd century edifice composite show us. To sum up the Roman architecture, the basilica with its apsiss points and symbolized to Roman jurisprudence power ; the authorization of classical civilization and literature is shown by its formal libraries ; and the faith is reflected to the public life of the people by the temples. Besides Trajan which is the Roman military leader and has images at the centre of the metropolis in the imperial axis has ordered the built of the markets on the adjacent hill which states an obvious statement about the emperor being the supplier for the Roman public. Reminders of the civilization and traditions of the Roman Empire are still at that place throughout the western universe metropoliss. Most Leaderships want to give bullying and control through their built environment and ocular testament to their strength and control to the people and the state.Examples can be seen all around the universe. In Paris after Napoleon became the male monarch of the imperium in 1804, he wanted Paris to go the new Rome so you can happen assorted similarities in their edifices. The Arc de Triumphed, started to be built by Napoleon in 1806 but non finished until 1836, is the highly celebrated illustration of the Gallic pickings of Roman expressions In Vendome in Paris, the leader Napoleon ordered the built of a monumental free-standing column that was clearly based and similar in construction to the column of Ttrajan from the early 2nd century.A bronze statue is on the top of the vendomne column and has a costume that looks like a Roman, like Trajan on his column. The service of the Madeleine. The interior decorator Pierre-Alexandre Vignon field supported his building on the distinguishable strain of the Italian Temple. Second, Nazi’s and Hitler besides used architecture in a manner to endanger and intimidate the people and travel frontward in the power of their province. It is shown clearly in their undertakings as some component like stark frontages, columns, pilasters, and clean lines is used in a monolithic graduated table by the project’s designers such as Albert Speer, Hermann Giesler, and Fritz Todt to organize a new aesthetic and demonstrate power, control and domination.Moreover, the building’s sizes gave a immense consequence and showed clearly the wealth and power of the Germans to anyone who ventured their edifices. Hence, the metropolis of Berlin was to be the metropolis of the Nazis ‘ corp, and as such, required to sleep together and resemble the cognition, dominance, and quality of the Fascist circle. Raising images of the Catholicism Empire, the remade Berlin would be titled Germania, the old European works for Deutschland. Domination of the universe was th e purpose of Berlin so it required more memorials.So to ceremonialize the power of the German province a program and theoretical accounts to make a metropolis with an tremendous figure of public edifice were made by the designers responsible of the undertaking. Many edifices are still lasting boulder clay nowadays although the Berlin program did non to the full win that represent the rare tendency of the government. The manner of intimidaton architecture was the chief manner used by the Germans while edifice and planing their edifices. Other edifices non representative of the Nazivogueall the samereference Nazi purposes by glorifyingboththe yesteryear of Teutonic and the civilization of the rural every bit good. Always, Nazi architects workedto confirmthat their edifices servedthe needsof the government. Influenced by classicalHellenic Republicand Rome, they cultivatedANaesthetic of order, victimization lowest ornament andactionstraight lines. From the Baroque epoch, theyrealisedthe facilityof edifices as looks of wealth and power, and they triedto includethat look into their edifices. Nazidesignserved the province by suing its values, showing its power, andmakingedifices capable of lastingfor 100s of old ages. The Nazistriedto regulateeachfacetof Germans ‘ lives ; designcontenda cardinal roleduring this. The order and plainness of Nazi facadesmirroredthe orderperfectby Nazi theoreticians. Topographic points designed for mass community experiencesdesignedunityround theparty. Buildingsreflectiverural and Teutonic pastsemphasisedthe Nazis ‘ glorificationof thesetimes.Constantaspects of Nazi buildingssupposedto impress foreign diplomats served dual responsibility by expressingthe strength of theNational Socialistic German Workers ‘ PartytoeverybodyUnited Nations agencylapsed.Adolf HitlerandSpeerhad religion that thatdesignhadthe powertodeeplyinfuence peoples ‘s ideas and actions. In theirneuroticplans for Germania, they showedexpresslythatdesignwas a tool of the state.it'dbeaccustomedpromote political orientation, even at the disbursal of livability.Adolf Hitlerwishedbuildings to be â€Å" the word in rock, † lasting, a clear representations of the Nazi ideals. S ame all the antithetic assortments of art throughout the Socialism programme, Structure was a marionette of both the province and the commonwealth every bit good as John Ruskin the English author said â€Å"Architecture is the work of nations† . This shows that architecture can be used in a dramatic multiple of ways to supply the state, civilization and society its ain characteristic and personal appeal. A majordistinctionbetween theclassicalstatedesignofThird Reich|Reich } andclassicaldesigninalternative trendycountries in Europe and America is that in Germanyit perfectly washoweveroneaspectof a badly autocratic province. Its dictatorly aimedto determinestudyorder ; gridironcityplans, axial symmetricalness, hierarchicplacement of province structureamongurbanhouseon a scalemeantto strengthenthe interpersonal and governmental regulation wanted by the Nazi propose, thatanticipated the supplanting ofreligious beliefandmoralvalues bya trade name newquite worshipsupportedthe cult of Nazi sufferer and leaders and witha worthsystemnearthat of pre-Christian Rome In Mein Kampf, Germanic Nazi states that industrialized Teutonic metropoliss of his twenty-four hours lacked high unfastened memorials and a halfway speech pattern for district spirit. In fact, unfavorable judgment of thefastmanufactureof German citiesonce1870 had already been voiced. The ideal Nazitownwasn'tto beoverlarge, sinceit had beentoreplicatepre-industrial values and its province memorials, theproductand symbols of corporate attempt, were toleanmostprominence by being centrally set within the new and reshaped metropoliss of the enlarged Composer. Nazi ‘s remarks in Mein Kampf indicated that he saw edifices suchlike the amphitheater and besides the Circus Maximus As symbols of the politicalwould possiblyand power of the Romanindividuals.Potentateexplicit, â€Å" Architectureisn'tsolelythewordin rock, howeveris alsothe look ofthe religionand strong belief of a community, alternativelyit signifiesthe ability, illustriousness and awards of an excellent adult male or single † . In Potentate ‘s cultural way, â€Å" The Buildings of the Reich, † delivered in Sep 1937, inNuremberg, hethoroughbredthat the new edifices of the Reich wereto bolsterthe authorization of theNational Socialistic German Workers ‘ Partyand besides thestate and atidenticaltimegive † giganticproofof the community † . Thesubjectproofof this authoritymayalready be seen inNuremberg, metropolisand Berlin and would go stilla batch ofevidentoncea batch ofplans had beenplaceintoresult. Hitler himself was as a girlish adult male was ab initio impresssed with the highly formed, ornate, neo-Baroque trend unfastened in assorted Habsburg-era people edifices. Flat so, he matte that the cardinal making for a morality populace concern was that it verbalised the capableness of its person. These edifices, with their immoderate volume of pilasters, porticos, columns, arches, and pediments, manifested the wealth and state of the German and royalty provinces. Whereasthese highly-decorated buildingssquare measuremarkedlytotally differentfrom those designedthroughoutHitler ‘s reign, they possess symmetricalness, a properpartofstylethateachdesignerandDer Fuhrerbelieved was essentialto doing order. The impressive Berlinerdom exudes any wealth, with thenar in apiece character and intersection. In block with Der Fuhrer, the cathedral, thinking excessively bantam, was â€Å" appropriately impressive. † The all-night arcades of the New Hofsburg and therefore the sedimentat ion of Penalty Study, each in character of Oesterreich, breathe at the lordly and colonnades entrywaies open in edifices subsequent in experience, peculiarly Designer ‘s New Reich authority’s construction. The New Hofsburg, Vienna Furthermore, Hitler, as a trainedcreator, was well-versedwithin thehistory ofdesign.Within theNazi'sseekassociate † orderly † aesthetic, a batch ofattention was paid to the classical edifices ofBalkan countryand Rome.It’sstraightforwardto examinethe similarities betweenAlbertSpeer ‘s Zeppelintribune, shownhigher thanright, and hence thePergamon Altar of Zeus housedwithin theBerlin Pergamon museum: Albert Speer ‘s Zeppelintribune The Pergamon Altar to ZeusIn fact, Albert Speerhimselfexplicitthat theapsissupportedthis Pergamon memorial. There besides arenoticeable similarities between thecoliseumin Romeand therefore the Olympiastadion in Berlin. Specially, the 2 edifices assets a superimposed grouping of pillars and arches. Notwithstanding, the athleticss bowl differs from the amphitheater in its demand of curves or circular arches. Olympiastadion ‘s exterior is regressive, and depends on rectangles formed from healthy crosswise and consecutive lines to realize its spik, organized lead. Further, the athleticss bowl outside is bare: there ‘s no ornamentation of any good, merely lines. These penchants for healthy lines and kosher outsides are a regular self-praise of Socialism edifices, particularly those organized by Designer, and businessman them as definite from the neoclassical constructions that influenced them, Authoritative edifices were to a great extent with statues. Fascist edifices are put ing for his or her about tot deficiency of honor. The amphitheater in Rome Olympiastadion in Berlin To reason, although after the mid century and the beginning of the 19Thursdaycentury urban designers and societies began to alter their constructs and preferred to utilize architecture and design edifices in a manner to do metropoliss healthier and assist in cut downing offenses and deduct jobs. Furthermore designers had an purpose to better the attitude of the people and society and they wanted to utilize architecture to cut down poorness, offenses, and prevent revolutions.However, architecture can be used in both ways but I surely agree that if architecture is used as a participatory tool to stand for power and strength for certain society it would play a major function in altering history and consequence vitally the civilization of the universe as Frank Lloyd the American designer said â€Å"Themother art is architecture. Without an architecture of our ain we have no psyche of our ain civilization†.Also architecture in that manner leaves bequests behind them that coming coe valss can look up to and that is why designers and leaders that clip tried their best to function strenghtfull testament through their designs and edifices.

Effect of Electronic Media in Public Essay

People’s life is becoming more convenient and colorful compared with the past years because of the growing popularity of electronic media, which are media that use electronics or electromechanical energy for the end-user (audience) to access the content. The user of electronic media, such as the internet, 3G mobile phone were increasing rapidly in China within the past years. In the year of 1987, Chinese people sent their first email to Germany in an institute located in Beijing. In 2000, the number of internet users was 225, 000, 00 and this figure reached to 513,000,000 by the end of December, 2011. Besides, Chinese mobile phone users have exceeded one billion by the end of 2011. Why these electronic media increase so fast? Because it is the age of information and technology today. Xiaoping Deng (1988) pointed out that Science and technology constitute the primary productive force. Electronic media devices have found their way into all parts of modern life. For example, a person who has something urgent to inform to his family, of course he would choose to use e-mail instead of writing letter, for its more convenient and fast and can be read at any time or anywhere by the receiver. The other electronic media, like telephone, telegraph, which are all quicker and safer than the traditional way to communicate. Besides, books and newspapers cost people a lot (money, time, etc.) since these traditional media published frequently and updated slower than the electronic media, such as the internet. The electronic media affect people’s life greatly because of their convenience and safety. It also provides people with a public platform to express the true thoughts from their inner world. However, we should know that there are always two sides to everything, and it is without exception for electronic media. Excessive using of electronic media may lead people to indulge in the virtual world. For instance, children are addicted to net games so the phenomenon of absenteeism in school appeared which is a rare  phenomenon in the past years. Moreover, since the early 1960s, research evidence has been showing that violence in television, movies, video games, cell phones, and on the Internet increases the risk of violent behavior. In conclusion, People should know how to use these advanced and modern media in a reasonable way, for these new electronic media could result in a serious of problem during their lifetime if they are used improperly by the people. References 1.The 29th China Internet Development Statistics Report(2012).{online].Available from: http://www.cnnic.cn/research/bgxz/tjbg/201201/t20120116_23668.html 2.Wikipedia.{online].Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_media 3.L. Rowell Huesmann. (2007). The Impact of Electronic Media Violence: Scientific Theory and Research.

Globalization

Energy and Matter Exchange in the Biosphere Project: Building a Self-sustaining Aquatic Ecosystem Question: How can you design a model aquatic ecosystem (a biosphere) that can survive as a self-regulating system In a completely sealed container? Section A – to be completed as part of a group Part 1: Proposal Before you can build your ecosystem, you must first create a detailed proposal outlining your intended design. This should include: A list of factors that you think will influence the success or failure of your ecosystem.How will you attempt to intro each of these factors? Which ones are out of your control? A list of required materials A detailed description of how each of the materials will be used, and why you have selected specific materials and/or organisms A labeled sketch of your aquatic ecosystem Your proposal should indicate that you have done sufficient research to support your design. A minimum of three references are required, and must be cited correctly.Date D ue: Part 2: Building your Ecosystem According to your design specifications, construct your aquatic ecosystem and choose our ecosystem's location within the school (your teacher will Inform you of available locations – choose wisely) Part 3: Journal Entries and Observations Throughout this project from the initial planning day to completion, your group should complete a Journal entry in Model each time that you meet. The entries should record your topics of discussion, actions, and future plans.Once your ecosystem Is self-sustaining, you will need to make observations of your ecosystem dally for two weeks, and twice weekly thereafter. Observations should Include data such as Include, species counts, ecosystem temperature and appearance and any changes that are occurring In your ecosystem. These observations should be recorded in an organized manner (a table) within your Section B – to be completed individually Part 4: Analysis Using a method of your choosing (poster, P erez, written paper, another method discussed with your instructor), show your understanding of each of the following: 1 . ) What atrophic levels are represented in your ecosystem? What roles (producers etc) are present? B) If this were a natural ecosystem, what other types of organisms might you expect to see? What atrophic levels might they represent? Show your understanding with 3-4 possible food chains or a food web. 2. How is energy is transferred within your ecosystem? 3. Represent your ecosystem with a pyramid of numbers, of energy, or of biomass. What were your reasons for choosing the pyramid that you did? 4. What biochemical cycles are represented in your ecosystem?Represent them visually. . What factors affected the productivity of your ecosystem? Without opening the bottle, how could you make your ecosystem more productive? Would this be a good thing for the self-sustainability of your ecosystem? Why or why not? 6. How successful was your biosphere overall? What changes would you make to your biosphere if you were to have the chance to perform this experiment again? Assessment: Your work on this project will be evaluated by the rubrics below: Section A (group work) rubric: Section B (individual work) rubric:

Democracy in Pakistan-a Dilemma

Against the backdrop of recent surge in political temperature, speakers at a roundtable discussion forum stress the need for continuation of democratic process despite of all the current challenges faced by it. In a roundtable discussion forum â€Å"Political Expediency and the Future of Democracy in Pakistan† organized by the Center for Research and Security Studies (CRSS), at its office premises in Islamabad, issues and challenges related to current democratic governance and prospects of a democratic Pakistan were discussed in detail. Mr.Ahmed Bilal Mahoob, executive director, Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency(PILDAT) opened the discussion with an overly optimistic note and observed: â€Å"Democracy in Pakistan has never been as good as it is today. † He noted that it is the first time in history of Pakistan that three state pillars, those are Executive, Judiciary and the Legislature are carving out their respective ways out of this challe nging political environment and it is a good omen for young democracy. In the past, judiciary was under the influence of executives, but now it is independent and assertive. Related essay: Pillars of Democracy in TanzaniaParliament in a democracy is always considered a vital state pillar, but again it tried to overpower the other state organs. Against this backdrop, during the era of current democratic government, the growth of all state organs is continuous and stable. Likewise, during current democratic rule, for the first time, Senate was chaired by an opposition representative. Then if we look towards media, we have a robust and independent media, which explicitly does not seem under the influence of government. Coming to the democratic governance, Mr.Mahboob asserted the notion that there is widespread political discontentment and disillusionment among the masses. And ironically, the people have directed all their criticism and scathing towards federal government and spared the provincial governments altogether, whereas under the 18th amendment, most of the ministries have been devolved to the provinces. Therefore when we disparage the federal gover nment, we should also vent some anger on provincial governments as well. Discussing the recent upsurge in political temperature, Mr.Mahboob stated â€Å"As we are nearing to the close up of this government, therefore, all political parties want to gear up the political momentum in order to gain mileage out of it in coming elections. He further continued by saying that â€Å"Almost all opinion surveys and polls in recent months suggest that the people are fed up by the present government— and want a change, so this upsurge is not abnormal and nothing is worrisome in it†. He narrated that when we talk about the freedom of expression, we generally take a pride after looking at the countries, which enjoyed sustained periods of democracy.And this is something that we should cherish, despite of all short comings. He termed the â€Å"Imran Khan phenomenon† as a harbinger of positive change in the political arena of Pakistan. PPP leader and former federal minister, Sye da Abida Hussain said that since inception Pakistanis wished for democratic rule in the country, and it is because, â€Å"Pakistan born out of vote†. But, she lamented that we have been scathing under long dictatorial rules for better part of our political history and there are reasons for it.She observed that though we as a nation may have developed liking for democratic rule, but ironically we lack political temperament. Mrs. Hussain said that the voices for change are getting louder and louder with the passage of time. She acknowledged that there is rampant corruption in the country and no state department is free of it. â€Å"State institutions should be established on the basis of equality, charter of democracy should be written by all the parties struggling for rule of law in the country†, she suggested. Every one of us talks about poor governance but nobody did anything† she lamented. She reiterated that we have to make the system more responsive through s ustained efforts for efficient democratic governance. Meanwhile, if we resorted for premature political solutions at this stage, then the future of democracy in Pakistan will be dark once again. She warned that the covert apparatus is once again out with its ulterior motives and the political parties will have understand its maneuvering for the benefit of democratic et up in the country. Former lawmaker from Swat, Mr. Adnan Aurangzeb said that in Pakistan â€Å"—the gap between political representatives and the represented is widening relentlessly† and this is not healthy sign for the future of democracy in the country. He underlined that there are structural problems, which are not letting the democratic culture take hold in Pakistan. He said that unfortunately, the legislators in Pakistan are not well connected with their constituencies, and therefore the people feel marginalized.According to him, there lies huge social, cultural, economic and political void between the rulers and the ruled. And this pertinent factor will continue to haunt the dream of a peaceful and prosperous democratic Pakistan. Participants in the roundtable discussion forum were of the view that there is need for a responsive democratic governance structure and without accountability the dividends of democracy will not trickle down the masses. And in consequence, the ubiquitous discontent will eventually lead towards the folding of the political system.